What does the term 'lightering' refer to in maritime operations?

The term 'lightering' specifically relates to the process of transferring cargo from one vessel to another, usually involving a larger vessel transferring oil or other hazardous materials to a smaller vessel. This operation often takes place offshore in deeper water where larger ships cannot load or unload due to draft restrictions. By facilitating a vessel-to-vessel transfer, lightering allows for safer and more efficient transportation of goods while minimizing risks associated with loading larger quantities directly onto shore facilities.

In a broader context, lightering is particularly vital in the oil and gas industry, where it ensures that tankers can transport their cargo without jeopardizing safety or operational efficiency. This makes option B the most accurate representation of what lightering entails in maritime operations.